Chidziwitso cha Basic Knowledge ndi Technology of Submerged Arc Welding

Arc yamagetsi:chinthu champhamvu komanso chosalekeza chotulutsa mpweya chomwe chimakhala ndi voteji pakati pa maelekitirodi abwino ndi oipa, ndi sing'anga yamafuta pakati pa maelekitirodi awiriwa ayenera kukhala mumtundu wa ionized. Poyatsa arc yowotcherera, nthawi zambiri imachitidwa polumikiza ma elekitirodi awiri (elekitirodi imodzi kukhala chogwirira ntchito ndi electrode ina kukhala waya wazitsulo kapena ndodo yowotcherera) kumagetsi, kulumikizana mwachidule ndikulekanitsa mwachangu. Pamene maelekitirodi awiri akumana wina ndi mzake, dera lalifupi limachitika, kupanga arc. Njira imeneyi imatchedwa contact arcing. Pambuyo popangidwa ndi arc, malinga ngati magetsi akusunga kusiyana kwina pakati pa mitengo iwiriyi, kuyaka kwa arc kumatha kusungidwa.

Makhalidwe a Arc:otsika voteji, mkulu panopa, kutentha, mkulu kachulukidwe mphamvu, kuyenda bwino, etc. Nthawi zambiri, voteji 20-30V akhoza kukhala khola kuyaka kwa arc, ndipo panopa mu arc akhoza kuyambira makumi kwa zikwi amperes kukumana kuwotcherera zofunika workpieces zosiyanasiyana. Kutentha kwa arc kumatha kufika pa 5000K ndipo kumatha kusungunula zitsulo zosiyanasiyana.

Kupanga kwa Arc:cathode zone, anode zone, ndi arc column zone.

Gwero lamphamvu la kuwotcherera kwa Arc:Gwero lamagetsi lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito powotcherera arc limatchedwa gwero lamphamvu la kuwotcherera kwa arc, lomwe nthawi zambiri limatha kugawidwa m'magulu anayi: gwero lamagetsi la AC arc, gwero lamagetsi la DC arc, gwero lamphamvu la pulse arc welding, ndi inverter arc welding power source.

Kulumikizana kwabwino kwa DC: Pamene DC kuwotcherera makina ntchito kulumikiza workpiece kwa anode ndi kuwotcherera ndodo kwa cathode, amatchedwa DC zabwino kugwirizana. Panthawi imeneyi, workpiece ndi mkangano kwambiri ndipo ndi oyenera kuwotcherera wandiweyani ndi lalikulu workpieces;

Kugwirizana kwa DC Reverse:Pamene workpiece chikugwirizana ndi cathode ndi kuwotcherera ndodo chikugwirizana ndi anode, amatchedwa DC reverse kugwirizana. Panthawiyi, workpiece imakhala yosatenthedwa komanso yoyenera kuwotcherera zoonda komanso zazing'ono. Mukamagwiritsa ntchito makina owotcherera a AC pakuwotcherera, palibe vuto la kulumikizana kwabwino kapena koyipa chifukwa cha kusinthasintha kwamitengo iwiriyi.

Metallurgical ndondomeko kuwotcherera kumaphatikizapo kugwirizana pakati pa madzi zitsulo, slag, ndi mpweya mu arc kuwotcherera ndondomeko, amene ndi ndondomeko remelting zitsulo. Komabe, chifukwa chapadera cha zinthu kuwotcherera, kuwotcherera mankhwala zitsulo ndondomeko ali ndi makhalidwe osiyana njira ambiri smelting.

Choyamba, kutentha kwazitsulo zowotcherera ndi kwakukulu, malire a gawo ndi aakulu, ndipo liwiro la zomwe zimachitika ndilokwera. Mpweya ukalowa mu arc, chitsulo chamadzimadzi chimakhala ndi ma oxidation amphamvu komanso ma nitriding reaction, komanso kuchuluka kwachitsulo kwachitsulo. Madzi mumlengalenga, komanso maatomu a haidrojeni owonongeka kuchokera ku mafuta, dzimbiri, ndi madzi mu workpiece ndi zinthu zowotcherera pa kutentha kwakukulu kwa arc, amatha kusungunuka muzitsulo zamadzimadzi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuchepa kwa pulasitiki ndi kulimba (hydrogen). embrittlement), ndipo ngakhale mapangidwe ming'alu.

Kachiwiri, dziwe lowotcherera ndiloling'ono ndipo limazizira mofulumira, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuti machitidwe osiyanasiyana azitsulo afikire mofanana. The mankhwala zikuchokera kuwotcherera ndi wosagwirizana, ndi mpweya, oxides, etc. mu dziwe sangathe kuyandama kunja kwa nthawi, amene mosavuta kupanga zilema monga pores, slag inclusions, ndipo ngakhale ming'alu.

Panthawi yowotcherera arc, njira zotsatirazi nthawi zambiri zimatengedwa:

• Panthawi yowotcherera, chitetezo chamakina chimaperekedwa kwa chitsulo chosungunuka kuti chizilekanitsa ndi mpweya. Pali njira zitatu zotetezera: chitetezo cha gasi, chitetezo cha slag, ndi chitetezo cha gasi chophatikizana.

(2) Metallurgical chithandizo cha kuwotcherera dziwe makamaka ikuchitika ndi kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa deoxidizer (makamaka manganese chitsulo ndi pakachitsulo chitsulo) ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu alloying kwa zipangizo kuwotcherera (electrode ❖ kuyanika, kuwotcherera waya, flux), mu kuti athetse FeO ku dziwe panthawi yowotcherera ndikubwezera kutayika kwa zinthu za alloying. Njira zowotcherera za arc

Kuwotcherera kwa arc ndi njira yosungunuka ya electrode yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito granular flux ngati njira yotetezera ndikubisa arc pansi pa flux layer. Njira yowotcherera yowotcherera arc ili ndi njira zitatu:

1. wogawana kuyika zokwanira granular flux pa olowa kuti welded pa workpiece;
2. Lumikizani magawo awiri a kuwotcherera mphamvu kwa nozzle conductive ndi kuwotcherera chidutswa motero kupanga kuwotcherera arc;
3. Ingodyetsani waya wowotcherera ndi kusuntha arc kuti muwotchere.

Makhalidwe akuluakulu a kuwotcherera arc pansi pamadzi ndi awa:

1. Kuchita kwapadera kwa arc

• Ubwino wapamwamba wa weld, kutchinjiriza kwa slag komanso chitetezo cha mpweya, gawo lalikulu la arc zone ndi CO2, nayitrogeni ndi okosijeni muzitsulo zowotcherera zimachepetsedwa kwambiri, magawo owotcherera amasinthidwa okha, kuyenda kwa arc kumakina, kusungunula. dziwe lilipo kwa nthawi yayitali, zitsulo zazitsulo ndizokwanira, kukana kwa mphepo kumakhala kolimba, kotero kuti mawonekedwe a weld ndi okhazikika komanso makina abwino;
• Malo abwino ogwirira ntchito ndi kuwala kwa slag arc ndikopindulitsa pakuwotcherera; Kuyenda mwamakina kumabweretsa kuchepa kwa ntchito.

2. Mphamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi ya arc ndi yayikulu kuposa yowotcherera zitsulo zamagetsi, ndipo ili ndi izi:

• bwino zida kusintha magwiridwe. Chifukwa cha mphamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi, kutengeka kwa makina osinthika okha ndi apamwamba, omwe amathandizira kukhazikika kwa njira yowotcherera;
• M'munsi malire kuwotcherera panopa ndi mkulu.

3. Chifukwa chafupikitsa conductive kutalika kwa waya wowotcherera, kachulukidwe kakali pano komanso kachulukidwe kakali pano akuchulukirachulukira, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale ntchito yayikulu yopanga. Izi kwambiri bwino arc malowedwe ndi mlingo mafunsidwe wa kuwotcherera waya; Chifukwa cha kutentha kwa kutentha kwa kutentha kwa flux ndi slag, kutentha kwachangu kumawonjezeka kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa liwiro la kuwotcherera.

Kuchuluka kwa ntchito:

Chifukwa cha kulowa mwakuya, zokolola zambiri, komanso kuchuluka kwa magwiridwe antchito amakina akuwotcherera arc pansi pamadzi, ndikoyenera kuwotcherera ma welds aatali amtundu wapakatikati ndi wandiweyani. Zili ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana popanga zombo, zowotchera ndi zopopera, mlatho, makina olemera kwambiri, zida zamagetsi a nyukiliya, zida zam'madzi, zida ndi magawo ena opanga, ndipo ndi imodzi mwa njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakuwotcherera masiku ano. Kuphatikiza pa kugwiritsidwa ntchito polumikiza zida zachitsulo, kuwotcherera kwa arc pansi pamadzi kumathanso kuwotcherera zigawo zosagwirizana ndi dzimbiri kapena zolimbana ndi dzimbiri pamwamba pa chitsulo choyambira. Ndi chitukuko cha ukadaulo wowotcherera zitsulo ndi ukadaulo wopanga zinthu zowotcherera, zida zomwe zimatha kuwotcherera ndi kuwotcherera komira pansi pamadzi zasintha kuchokera kuzitsulo za carbon structural kupita ku chitsulo chochepa cha aloyi, chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, chitsulo chosagwira kutentha, ndi zitsulo zina zopanda chitsulo. monga nickel based alloys, titaniyamu alloys, copper alloys, etc.

Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake, kugwiritsa ntchito kwake kulinso ndi malire, makamaka chifukwa cha:

• kuwotcherera malo malire. Chifukwa cha kusungidwa kwa flux, kuwotcherera kwa arc pansi pamadzi kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakuwotcherera zopingasa komanso zotsika pansi popanda miyeso yapadera, ndipo sangathe kugwiritsidwa ntchito powotcherera mopingasa, ofukula, ndi m'mwamba.
• Kuchepetsa kwa zida zowotcherera ndikuti sangathe kuwotcherera zitsulo zotulutsa ma oxidizing kwambiri monga aluminium ndi titaniyamu, ndipo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pakuwotcherera zitsulo zachitsulo;
• Oyenera okha kuwotcherera ndi kudula ma welds ataliatali, ndipo sangathe kuwotcherera ma weld okhala ndi malo ochepa;
• Simungathe kuyang'ana mwachindunji arc;

(5) Osayenerera mbale woonda ndi kuwotcherera otsika panopa.